Rhetorical Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Explanatory Analysis Paper - Essay Example Such huge numbers of Pidgin cynics, gives a ton of guarantee. What's more, he's not halting, presently or within a reasonable time-frame. Would you be able to come up mind one progressively positive perspective on piece o'wot Try tink. Right on. Ho, you get them. Das how. We get ONE Pidgin confident person in da house is as persuading as the paper itself the individuals who will contradict the person will make some troublesome memories. In da genuine world get planny Pidgin partiality, ah. Dey, da pervasive dey, dey is everywea brah; dey state dat da observation is dat da standard english talker is going naturally be see fo' be mo' smart than da Pidgin talker in any case wot dey talking, jus from HOW dey talking, he whines as he competes inclinations. Furthermore, one envisions a Huck, with drooped shoulders and head cast descending attempting to keep away from individuals at light, handling his considerations in his own reality commanded distinctly by an African American slave Jim, and now and again, by the more adequate and adorable Tom Sawyer. It's kine desolate, on the off chance that one sees through it, so much like the reason Pidgin Guerilla Tonouchi is battling for. Predispositions ran amuck in a worldwide culture of lion's share administers as Tonouchi may unequivocally be shaking his head as he declares that, however I no need truly look da considers, cuz I can see dis happening insai my study halls Goodness Frazier, you're so shrewd. ... He reviewed the experience of his Oriental guardians during the 50s to 60s, If dey talked Pidgin in school sanctum da teachah would slap them mind da ruler. Ka-pow. Ow, ow, ow up to his age, You gotta articulate and tell, May I please utilize the bathroom And in the event that you no tell them li'dat, lair you gotta hold your shishi, brah. He is holding up. On the off chance that I knew cave wot I know now, HO, I would've SUED da DOE for da kine brutal and bizarre discipline. Million dollah settlement right dea, and he deteriorates in kine entertaining, if not yet funny way. He's shaking his head, wuz likening talking Pidgin to smoking cigarettes cuz he gotta cut back. If he go on and on Pidgin, lair he going get Pidgin malignant growth and he going DIE, brah. Pua chime. Miserable definitely, da tinking however he's not surrendering, nor leaving and abandon his motivation. Truth be told, he is confronting the test head on as he asked his class, Attempt disclose to me all da chimes dat individuals let you know ova da years dat you CANNOT do mind Pidgin. And dis wot dey came up mind: Dey Say on the off chance that You Talk Pidgin You No Can . . . be keen be significant be fruitful be proficient be paid attention to be one instructor be one specialist be one legal advisor be an administration specialist be enormous businessperson be da Pope be the president be the spouse of the president Dey state on the off chance that you talk Pidgin you no can . . . convey eat at top notch cafés enter a marvel exhibition (and win) and the rundown is perpetual, yet he isn't halting. What's more, he is refuting the Pidgin spoilers. be that as it may, I tink so individuals jus discover them interesting cuz dey know parcel of da chimes on da list isn't accurate. Fake li'dat. Why Cuz dey realize Pidgin individuals who eat at extravagant cafés, cuz dey know Pidgin

Psychological theories free essay sample

Clarify the commitment of differentiating mental hypotheses to the comprehension of two explicit practices and survey the commitment of corresponding and differentiating mental speculations to the comprehension of two explicit practices. P2 In this piece of the task the creator will clarify the commitment of corresponding mental hypotheses to the comprehension of two explicit practices The two explicit practices the creator has picked are hostility and dependence. The organic hypothesis on compulsion is this hypothesis accepts that there are hereditary form ups in an individual that makes them respond diverse to dependence, this could mean somebody has a greater amount of an addictive character contrasted with someone else. They accept the hereditary cosmetics sway the handling of such synthetic concoctions in an individual so they either become dependent effectively or not. They accept there is a trigger that in mix with mental and ecological assistance makes an individual become dependent without any problem. There is additionally proof to help that habit can be acquired, or that a few people might be bound to building up an enslavement than others. Backing for this hypothesis originates from twin investigations. In these investigations, indistinguishable twins that were isolated during childbirth (I. e. , brought up in totally various conditions) were found to have comparative degrees of liquor levels at various focuses in their lives. Despite the fact that the two kin may have been brought up in various liquor free homes, they were similarly prone to create liquor abuse. Studies have demonstrated that embraced youngsters have paces of liquor addiction closer to those of their regular guardians than to those of their assenting parents‘one study found that 30â€40 percent of common offspring of heavy drinkers become drunkards themselves, instead of a pace of 10 percent for everyone (Kolata, 1987). A few specialists presume that the pace of heritability of alcoholismâ€the possibility of acquiring the disorderâ€is â€Å"similar to that normal for diabetes or peptic ulcer disease† (Schuckit, 1984, p. 62). Since the whole human DNA grouping has been â€Å"decoded,† it is completely conceivable that during the coming decade researchers will find a hereditary connection with alcoholism’ (highered. mcgraw-slope. com/locales/dl/free//Goode7_Sample_ch03. pdf date got to 18/04/13 time 12. 35pm) This concentrate from the site indicated is evidence that the natural hypothesis was right or could be classed as being right. It additionally shows that there could be a hereditary connection towards fixation in people anyway this investigation fundamentally centers around liquor abuse however it is an examination that shows an enslavement being gone on through hereditary qualities. Animosity is a type of feeling otherwise called outrage, anyway forceful conduct is progressively rough that outrage. A forceful individual may show forceful conduct through sharp tones in their voice or by manhandling somebody. Social Learning Theorists, for example, Bandura (1965), guarantee that forceful conduct is found out through watching and mirroring forceful models. Forceful conduct is fortified and kept up in the event that it has an attractive result (fortification). Banduras arrangement of Bobo doll tests uncovered various components that decide if watched forceful conduct is imitated. Bandura demonstrated this when he directed a test where he had four gatherings of kids, one gathering of kids saw the bobo doll being manhandled by a good example, the second gathering of youngsters saw a fierce animation, the third gathering of kids saw a vicious movie and the last gathering of kids saw no brutality by any stretch of the imagination. At the point when left to do what the kids wanted the kids that had seen a type of brutality at that point proceeded to manhandle the bobo doll, the kids that had seen no viciousness at all started to play with the doll. The deindividuation supplements the social learning hypothesis as it Deindividuation implies an individual losing their hindrances since they are not, at this point recognizable. One way that individuals can become deindividuated is the point at which they are a piece of an enormous gathering or a group. Deindividuation has been utilized to clarify why individuals who are generally polite can get rough during bunch cooperations, for instance, riots. The deindivduation hypothesis supplements the social learning hypothesis as concurs that individuals change contingent upon good examples. The deindividuation hypothesis and the social learning hypothesis praise each other as the two of them concur that if an individual observers forceful conduct the individual could change their character to coordinate good examples which could thusly, change their animosity levels. P3 In this piece of the task the creator will clarify the commitment of differentiating mental hypotheses to the comprehension of two explicit practices Addiction is thought of an organic sort that is past through hereditary qualities as indicated by the natural hypothesis as clarified in P2. A differentiating hypothesis of the organic hypothesis would be the old style and operant molding hypothesis, this was made by Pavlov. The premise of molding speculations is that dependence is the final product of the fortification of medication use. The medication goes about as a reinforcer and deals with the user’s conduct. As opposed to the organic models of the introduction hypotheses, these molding models recommend that anybody can show addictive conduct on the off chance that they are given fortifications, paying little mind to their hereditary qualities. The benefit of this hypothesis is that it offers the potential for considering every single over the top action alongside medicate maltreatment inside a less complex gathering: those of compensated conduct. There are numerous fortification models that have been characterized including the old style molding model. This model characterizes dependence as a conduct that is rehashed as a result of the consideration given related with its fortification. A case of where this hypothesis is utilized is when Pavlov rung the chime to his pooch and gave the canine food, the pooch then realized when the ringer rang he would be compensated, this could be utilized as a clarification to enslavement. At the point when the medication client takes the medication they are compensated as they get a ‘high’ this is a similar sort of thing as Pavlov’s hound as the medication is the boost just like the ringer to his canine and the ‘high’ being a prize just like the food to the pooch. Pavlov’s hound had be molded to accept that when the ringer rang he would be given a prize, so as a medication client you would will in general accept that on the off chance that you take the medication you are compensated which could prompt habit. The Biological and molding hypothesis differentiate as the natural hypothesis accepts fixation is inside hereditary qualities and the molding hypothesis accepts that enslavement is inside positive and negative support on tranquilize misuse. Hostility is believed to be gained from encompassing people’s activities and mirroring them as per the social learning hypothesis which has been recently clarified. Anyway the organic hypothesis proposes that all hostility originates from hereditary qualities, this could be on the grounds that one or the two guardians have not had enough dopamine in their cerebrum or there is a compound unevenness where the individual turns out to be increasingly forceful. ‘One exemplary examination during the 1960s (Jacobs et al. , 1965) found that an astounding number of men in jail had XYY sex chromosomes rather than the ordinary XY. The specialists guessed that the additional Y chromosome may make the men progressively forceful. Later examinations have discovered that such hereditary anomalies are in certainty across the board all through everybody and in this manner can’t clarify animosity. All the more as of late, contemplates have recognized hereditary patterns in twins and families. For instance, Brunner et al. (1993) distinguished a typical quality in male individuals from a Danish family who all displayed strange forceful behavior’(http://ashbournecollegepsychology. wordpress. com/psya3/animosity/organic clarifications of-hostility/date 18/04/13 time 15:48) This concentrate from the indicated site shows that reviews have demonstrated that the hereditary cosmetics of a people cerebrum makes the people progressively forceful. These two speculations differentiate as Bandura accepted that animosity is an imitated conduct that an individual has been appeared through a good example for instance if the people father beats their mom or the other way around the kid would grow up to think hitting individuals is the proper activity, though the natural hypothesis proposes that hostility is past through to the person through synthetic irregular characteristics of the mind and hereditary cosmetics. M2 In this piece of the task the creator will survey the commitment of integral and differentiating mental hypotheses to the comprehension of two explicit practices. The natural hypothesis adds to helping enslavement as the individual could now treat and recommended medicine to adjust the imbalanced synthetics of the cerebrum to enable the person to turn out to be less dependent on specific medications. It likewise contributes as there can be medications, for example, needle therapy, spellbinding and tablets to take to empower the person to fall off a specific medication. These medicines work by molding the cerebrum to permit the enslavement some portion of the mind to quietness itself. This aides as the degrees of dependence diminishes. Social Learning Theory on forceful conduct has added to settling forceful conduct as though an individual is showing activities of animosity which they are emulating from guardians or other good examples they could be expelled from the earth and discover that hostility isn't right. The social learning hypothesis adds to understanding animosity as it additionally identifies which good example could be the attacker and afterward the assailant would benefit from outside assistance to change. The deindividuation hypothesis that supplements Bandura’s hypothesis could likewise add to understanding hostility through advising as in a guiding meeting the councilor could offer guidance on moving endlessly fro

Essay Topics On Risk Taking

Essay Topics On Risk TakingWriting an essay or a thesis on risk taking is quite different from writing about a topic of life lessons. There are so many aspects to making sense of these topics that it is often times difficult to narrow down the ideas that you need to focus on and express them. As a result, one should use their creative juices to take on this project in a way that works for them.When considering a risk taking topic it is important to have the courage to speak your mind, even if you have not experienced the situation that could lead to a risk of it. Unfortunately, some people simply avoid speaking out of fear of not being heard or that their views may be disregarded, when the reality is that they should speak out because it is one of the things that they can do. In order to be successful in the writing of an essay on risk taking you must also make sure that you can articulate your fears and more importantly, get past those fears.Many students find themselves becoming pa ralyzed when it comes to writing an essay on risk taking. It is very easy to become too formal when discussing these topics. You want to remember that you are not trying to turn an essay into a lecture on these subjects, but rather that the essay is intended to give a glimpse into your own personal experiences with those subjects.One thing that many students find difficult about risk taking is thinking of what they would do if they were faced with the problem. Of course, there is no certain fact that would make these situations into a life lesson, but rather that the subject should be seen as a reality that some students face, while others do not. As a result, it is important to take a look at your situation and determine how likely it is that you would consider your own solution.As you begin to write an essay on risk taking, you want to include things like socializing. You may feel that you know how to handle these types of situations without thinking outsideof the box. However, if you are unsure of what you are doing or how you are feeling, try having a conversation with someone that could provide some insight.Other topics that can be used to write an essay on risk taking are in fact the ways that you were raised. Take a look at the lessons that you learned and the choices that you made. As you begin to think about the scenarios that you may have avoided due to one of your choices, you may want to include that in your essay.As you explore the many choices that you had in your life, you should also be sure to write about certain things that may have come about because of other things. For example, if you did not pursue something due to financial constraints, you may want to take a look at other possibilities that you could have pursued. Also, if you did not pursue something for a particular reason, but the stress of being in a relationship made it difficult for you to succeed, you may want to explore this as well.As you begin to look at risk taking essay topi cs, remember that it is very important to talk about things in a creative manner. Rather than spend time writing about something that is already familiar to you, consider how you could take a look at these topics in a new light. This is where you will be able to see opportunities for personal growth.

Now That This Paper Has Evaluated Aquinas’S Summa Contra

Now that this paper has evaluated Aquinas’s Summa Contra Gentiles, it will move on to evaluate his next important work. In the years 1265–1274 Aquinas wrote what is considered one of his most prominent works, The Summa Theologiae. In Summa Theologiae (also known as Suma Theologica or simply Summa), Aquinas gave five proofs for the existence of God. This paper will first tell why these proofs are necessary then describe the proofs in themselves. These proofs are necessary because Aquinas believed that the existence of God is not self-evident. A self-evident proposition is one in which the predicate forms part of what is meant by the subject (PUT, 103). Meaning that â€Å"God exists† is not self-evident because we cannot grasp divine essence†¦show more content†¦Therefore anything that is in the process of changing cannot change itself so one thing is changed by another which in turn is changed by yet another (Clark, 122). Eventually, this stream of chang e has to stop somewhere or else there would be no first cause of change and consequently no subsequent causes. So when we come to the first cause that is not changed by anything else, Aquinas believed it is what we understand to be God (Clark, 122-123). The second proof is derived from the nature of causation. Aquinas thought that in the natural world we find causes in a natural order of succession. We never see something causing itself because if we did then it would be pre-existing and this would be impossible (Clark, 123). Every first cause impacts an intermediate (there can be many intermediates) which then impacts a last. You cannot take out any one cause without getting rid of its effects (Clark, 123). So you cannot take out the first cause without losing the intermediates and last causes that follow. Thus Aquinas thought that we must suppose a first cause, which is God (Clark, 123). The third proof addresses the issue of what is unnecessary and what is unnecessary. Our experience has shown us that in life there are things that are necessary and things that are unnecessary. Things that are

The Shakespeare Authorship Controversy

Could William Shakespeare, the country bumpkin from Stratford-upon-Avon, really be the man behind the World’s greatest ever literary texts? 400 years after his death, the Shakespeare authorship controversy continues. Many scholars simply can’t believe that William Shakespeare could have had the necessary education or life experiences to have written such complex texts–he was, after all, just the son of a glove maker in a rural town! Perhaps at the heart of the Shakespeare authorship controversy is a more philosophical debate: can you be born a genius? If you subscribe to the idea that genius is acquired, then believing that this little man from Stratford could acquire the necessary understanding of the classics, law, philosophy, and dramaturgy from a brief stint at grammar school is a stretch. Shakespeare Was Not Clever Enough! Before we begin this attack on Shakespeare, we should clearly state at the outset that there is no evidence to support these claims–in fact, the Shakespeare authorship conspiracy theories are largely based on â€Å"lack of evidence†. Shakespeare was not intelligent enough: The plays contain a deep knowledge of the classics, yet Shakespeare did not have a university education. Although he would have been introduced to the classics at grammar school, there is no official record of him attending.Where are his books?: If Shakespeare did amass knowledge independently, he would have had a large collection of books. Where are they? Where did they go? They certainly were not itemized in his will. Whilst the above may be a convincing argument, it is based on lack of evidence: records of pupils at Stratford-upon-Avon Grammar School have not survived or were not kept and the inventory part of Shakespeare’s will has been lost. Enter Edward de Vere It was not until 1920 that it was suggested that Edward de Vere was the real genius behind Shakespeare’s plays and poems. This art-loving Earl carried favor in the Royal Court, and so may have needed to use a pseudonym when writing these politically charged plays. It was also deemed socially unacceptable for a noble man to be involved with the lowly world of theater. The case for de Vere is largely circumstantial, but there are many parallels to be drawn: 14 of Shakespeare’s plays are set in Italy – the country De Vere traveled in 1575.The early poems are dedicated to Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, who was considering marrying De Vere’s daughter.When De Vere stopped writing under his own name, Shakespeare’s texts soon appeared in print.Shakespeare was heavily influenced by Arthur Golding’s translation of Ovids Metamorphoses – and Golding lived with De Vere for a while. In The De Vere Code, Jonathan Bond reveals ciphers at work in the mysterious dedication that prefaces Shakespeare’s sonnets. In an interview with this website, Bond said, â€Å"I suggest that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, wrote the sonnets – and the dedication at the beginning of the sonnets was a puzzle created for the recipient of the collection of poems. The ciphers fit the pattern of wordplay that was widely in evidence amongst writers during the Elizabethan era: they are simple in construction and all of immediate significance to the recipient †¦ My contention is that Edward de Vere was simply entertaining the recipient while avoiding explicitly naming himself in order to prevent a possible embarrassment over the intensely personal nature of the poems.† Marlowe and Bacon Edward de Vere is perhaps the most well-known, but not the only candidate in the Shakespeare authorship controversy. Two of the other leading candidates are Christopher Marlowe and Francis Bacon – both have strong, dedicated followers. Christopher Marlowe: When Shakespeare started writing his plays, Marlowe was killed in a brawl in a tavern. Up until that point, Marlowe was regarded as England’s best playwright. The theory is that Marlowe was a spy for the government, and his death was choreographed for political reasons. Marlowe would then have required a pseudonym to continue writing and developing his craft.Sir Francis Bacon: Cryptic ciphers were hugely popular at this time and supporters of Bacon have found many ciphers in Shakespeare’s texts concealing the identity of Bacon as the true author of Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

Karl Marx’s Views on Family Ethics Essay - 1177 Words

Karl Marx’s Views on Family Ethics Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Karl Marx devoted much of his time to the study of morality, better known as ethics. Karl Marx was a firm believer in Communism and he authored the Communist Manifesto, along with Frederick Engels. Family ethics is an issue dealt with by Karl Marx in his teachings and writings. According to Marx and his co-author, Engels, morality is the slave of interest. Moral codes and ethics are believed to be dependent on the person and relative to the social setting.[1] Ethics are discussed on a philosophical level and also in everyday controversial topic discussions or debates. Marx was a huge supporter of freedom and believed that†¦show more content†¦Another noteworthy fact is that in order to express a group behavior result, the information would have to remain inseparable from his personal being.[4] A necessity to any group collaboration is interaction and therefore it was also key to the ethics displayed by the people of his time. Marx completed a research project in which he studied the interaction and â€Å"social instincts† between animals and humans. He found that the evolution process was similar and several actions are actually made subconsciously.[5] Marx stresses the fact that interaction occurs between all living organisms and this interaction is vital for the survival and future generations. The distinction between human beings and animals is finally made in saying that humans are given the potential of developing their individual identity regardless of societal views on certain issues. Interaction is b elieved by some to be the most crucial solution available to a problem. Marx has opinions and views on so many various topics, but his ideals of Communism are quite clear and do not stray often from his main point. His theory however only addresses landowners and steers clear of other commoners. He does not deal with the minorities of women,Show MoreRelatedMarx, Emile Durkheim, And Max Weber : The Unjust Theory Of The New World1470 Words   |  6 Pages Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber were all born from a middle-class background in Europe. First Karl Marx was born in (1818-1883), Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920) was close to Durkheim in age, but forty years later after Marx. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber are the most essential theorist of the nineteenth century whose theories are well known today. Their thinking was based on the rising of the preindustrial, and industrial revolution society. 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Deviance Essay Example For Students

Deviance Essay Deviance is an individuals or groups behavior, ideas, or attributes that some people in society find offensive, wrong, immoral, sinful, evil, strange, or disgusting. This definition consists of three parts. Expectation: Some behavioral expectation must exist. Violation: There must be a real or implied violation of the expectationReaction: An individual, group, or society must react to the devianceThe strain theory by Robert Merton believes that American society pushes individuals toward deviance by overemphasizing the importance of monetary success, while failing to emphasize the legitimate means to achieve that success. Cultural Transmission Theory by Edwin Sutherland states that deviants learn patterns of behavior form the people with whom they associate on a regular basis. Not only do they teach us the techniques for committing deviant acts, but also a set of beliefs and attitudes that justify or rationalize the behaviorThe Anomie Theory was coined by Emile Durkheim and it refers to the condition of normlessness, in which values and norms have little impact and the culture no longer provides adequate guidlines for behavior. Deviance is also thought of as an individual choice because it appears that the consequences of doing it are more desirable than the consequences of doing something else. The choice is as simple as weighing the pros and cons. Biological theories are a bit weak due to all the exceptions to the rule. William Sheldon proposed that deviance is in the body type. Other theorists say its in the extra Y chromosonePsychologists have attributed antisocial behavior to the conscious mind being too weak to overcome the strength of the id. Labeling theorists attempt to explain how cultural and individual perceptions create and sustain deviant idetities. A deviant is not different from you or I, they are just labeled deviant successfully. Has led sociologists to distinguish between primary and secondary deviance. Primary deviance is the original behavior that leads to the application of the label to an individual. Secondary deviance is the behavior that people develop as a result of having been labeledFunctions of DevianceDeviance actually helps teach societys rules providing illustrations of violation. It is functional in that it 1) causes the groups members to close ranks 2) promotes group solidarity 3) help clarify what society really believes in 4)teaches normal behavior by showing us what is abnormal. Durkheim stated that deviance is an intergral part of all healthy societies.There seems to be a disjunction between means and ends, such as the emphasis on wealth and success without many legitimate means to achieve them. Those individuals without such opportunities attempt to bridge this gap in a number of ways:The conformist seeks to continue the acceptance of the goals and means offered for their attainment. The innovator may continue to accept the goals while seeking new, and in many cases, illegitimate revenues for the attainment of these goals. The ritualist may make the means into an end by rejecting the culturally prescribed goals as being out of his reach. The retreat rejects both the means and ends offered by society by dropping into drug use, menatl illness, alcoholism, homelessness. The rebellious reject both the means and ends while seeking to replace both with alternatives, thereby changing the way society as a whole is structured.

My Ideal Friend free essay sample

I was walking home from school. I was carrying my books and tonnes of homework home. I walked with a heavy stride with my head hanging down, unaware of the chatter and socialising going on around me. Spirits were low and I took my usual route home which usually takes me about 20 minutes. â€Å"What next? I have no idea what to do,† I told myself. Abruptly, I knocked into something and all my books and papers fell to the sidewalk. I lost my footing and went down on my knees together with the rest of my worthless papers which I planned to discard at home. I looked up. I didn’t knock into something; I knocked someone. He was tall, smartly dressed in his uniform and looked at me with the most charming smile. â€Å"I’m sorry,† he said with an almost assuring manner. â€Å"I didn’t see you. I was looking the other way,† â€Å"It’s not your fault. We will write a custom essay sample on My Ideal Friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wasn’t looking at where I was going either. † I told him with my usual soft stuttering manner. â€Å"Here, let me help you with this. You’re new here right? I saw your mother and you unloading the car just 1 week ago. I live not too far from here, I can walk you home too if you don’t mind. † He said. â€Å"Huh? Erm I I think † I tried to say something before he interrupted. â€Å"Don’t worry. I insist. Come on; let’s pick these things up first. † He helped me pick up all the things, carried more than half of the weight I was bearing and started strolling happily alongside till we reached home. Frank was his name and I couldn’t help but be pulled into his beaming sense of optimism in life and his brilliant sense of humour. Before you knew it, Frank and I started hanging out 24 hours a day. Wherever he went, he made sure I was there and since I was new around that area, he  helped me a lot in getting to know new people. Believe it or not, socializing was not my forte and 13 year old teenagers in secondary school can be awfully mean to new faces. I had my fair share of hazing and ragging but Frank who was the bulkier of the two of us made sure I was always safe in school. I remember one time when 3 boys tried to extort money from me. Frank came r ushing with 5 prefects and managed to get them off my back. He was not into fighting fire with fire but he would have given them a knuckle sandwich if they hadn’t walked away. Our 5 years of secondary school passed by so quickly. Having Frank as my best friend really brought out the best in me. I never really knew how he did it, but just by being with him changed me, or more accurately – improved me. He was head prefect and in turn I aspired to be the head librarian. He was active in track and field and I ventured too into the swim team. We were in the best class and his constant encouragement made an average student like me, turn out to be one of the best students in school. By the end of our form 5 year, I was named the Best Student for the SPM examinations with 13 A+. He was not too shabby either with 12 A+ and 1 A. He was always a bit weaker in Biology. We were both given great scholarships and pursued our lifelong dream of being lawyers – our constant bickering and friendly arguments led to that choice. Our alma matter SMK Bukit Gula 3 invited both of us to school to retrieve our awards for our fine achievements in our SPM exams. Being the best student, of course I was invited to give a speech about how I managed to get such good results and become successful.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"5 years ago, I transferred to Bukit Gula from Johor because my dad passed away and my mother, devastated, decided to move here to start things fresh. My dad was my best friend and I never got over his death as he was my confidant and my only source of solace when I hit rock bottom. When I first arrived here, my first week was horrendous. I had no friends, I had no will to open up to new friends, and I was constantly ignored and avoided by everyone. At the end of that torrid first week, I cleaned up my desk, and walked home to commit suicide. I looked at Frank and saw his eyes wider than saucers. I continued, â€Å"However, I met a boy named Frank. I bumped into him that day I decided to end my life; meeting him and befriending him turned my life around and I stand in front of you all today, proud, confident and successful. That small moment of kindness and sincerity he showed me on that day changed my life forever and Frank, my good friend; you will always be in my heart as the one who took me out from the gutter. I will always remember that day so vividly and I will never be able to repay your kindness enough. My success today will always be because of Frank and I will always cherish you as my friend till the last breath I take. I love you and will always be there for you. † Frank was already tearing up while the audience just listened in awe and gave Frank and I a standing ovation fit for that of royalty. I ran down to the crowd and gave Frank a big hug with tears rolling down my eyes and said, â€Å"You have been my friend and more. Thank you. † Frank and I never looked back since, and we remain ideal friends for each other; for the rest of our lives. (984 words)

Light microscope lab report Essays

Light microscope lab report Essays Light microscope lab report Paper Light microscope lab report Paper Then we observed under different magnification powers a certain number of specimens such as, Letter e, threads, and Hay infusion. The results were observed and recorded for the different specimens and it came out to be the higher the magnification the lesser the microscopic field. Introduction: One of the most important instruments in anatomy and physiology is the compound light microscope. The general principle of the microscopy is that the shorter the wavelength of light used in the instrument, the greater the resolution. In the light microscopy, the lenses are arranged so that the images of objects too small to be seen with the naked eye can become highly magnified, so the apparent size can be increased, and their minute detail can be revealed. In this lab we observed the parts of the light microscopy, we identified each part and learned its functions , we also examined a few specimens under different magnifications using different objective lenses, for each specimen we started using the scanning objective then the low-power objective ending with the high- ewer objective in order to get higher magnification. We viewed the samples and made drawings of them Method: We carefully carried the microscope from the cabinet to the desk by placing one hand around the arm and the other firmly under the base. Then using the coarse adjustment knob we rose the body tube to its highest fixed position. Then we placed the slide on the stage , Starting with the letter e sample we started using the scanning objective to observe the sample and then made drawings of it, then we switched to the low-power objective, we used the fine adjustment knob to complete the focusing . After observing letter e under low-power magnification we switched to the high-power objective while assuring that the illumination is at its Max . Drawings were made for each of the samples under each different objectives. For the threads sample, the cheek cells and the hay infusion specimen, the previous steps were done the same. Results : the results for this experiment are the following : under scanning objective : -for the letter e sample the image came out to be flipped under scanning resolution figure (1). Deer low-power objective: we saw more resolution and more details the microscopic field decreased and got smaller as we increased the magnification. Figure (2) Under high-power objective: Only part of letter e showed The microscopic field decreased The resolution increased Figure (3) For the thread slides : we got the same results as the letter e under different magnifications . Under scanning objective: Multiple threads were seen together Figure (a) when we focused on th e red thread the other two got blurry were able to focus through depth. The specimen Figure (b) The microscopic field decreased drastically and we were not able to see the different threads any more For the Hay infusion specimen: Under scanning objective we saw the specimen swimming around the hay We altered the light intensity to view organisms We learned how to prepare a wet mount Figure (c) For the cheek cells : After scrubbing inside the mouth to get a human cheek cells, we observed the cheek cells under different objectives, we also can used chemical dyes to enhance the vision of the cheek cells. Figure (d) Discussion: Using the light microscope we were able to observe the little details for each of the samples under different magnifications , we came out with that the higher the magnification the smaller the microscopic field gets, and as we increase resolution we can see more details in the specimens. What give the microscope its ability to go through the little details is its power microscopic lenses, for each light microscope it has two sets of lenses the ocular lenses which has lox magnification power and the objective lenses which they can reach up to xx signification power, so whenever we view something under the light microscope we get magnification from both lenses , for example : under high- power objective we get magnification of total 10 x 40 = 400 times bigger of the original sample . E also were able to know that under different depth of the specimen we are able to focus on certain part of them using the fine adjustment knob. In some cases not all sample could be seen under the microscope because some of them are colorless so we add chemical dyes to get a better vision. Conclusion : In this lab we learned the parts and the proper use of the light microscope, and we were able to view the interception of images through the microscope, and we learned the The concept of ma gnification.

Facebook IPO Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Facebook IPO - Case Study Example A share lockup happens when an organization chooses to open up to the world. The organization builds lockup periods wherein existing shareholders are not permitted to offer their possessions. The design is to make help for the stock, seeing as how on numerous events the biggest holders are insiders and the individuals who claimed preceding the organization getting to be open. A lockup secures the retail financial specialist - there is an inaccessible cautioning (when the IPO is recorded) in respect to when these shares "could" hit the business and these speculators regularly undercut or the stock preceding the lockup lapse. In principle, if a substantial number of extra imparts come to market, it diverts from the offset of supply and interest, in this way, pushing the stock lower as insiders and unique financial specialists offer in the open business sector. A Look Back at a Past Expiration is evident whereby Solarcity declined 5% on Tuesday when more than 61 million shares went to t he business sector. Presently, Solarcity has 75.35 million shares remarkable. Hence, the organization's present termination is more than 80% of its impacts extraordinary; significance an incredible measure of offering weight was relied upon to hit the business. Morgan technology investment is the lead underwriter keeping in mind that it owns the largest shares on the Facebook market platform and that it leads to roles in future of the company’s debt offerings as well as acquisitions. The determination of underwriters ranking is unveiled through the number of ones shares in which for our case, Morgan technology Investment currently and as per the case study holds the highest percentage shares of tech IPOs.The business of Facebook is to remain social where people hang out while sharing their moments in life and then it posts advertisement along side of that status update highway to earn from their customers. Facebook engage people where they are already engaged. Their products include creating facebook hub pages, advertising, maximizing customer knowledge and measuring advertisement insights.

Griswold v. Connecticut Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Griswold v. Connecticut - Research Paper Example In 1873, the government enacted law United States of American that among other things, prohibited people, even those in legal marriages, from using any kind of contraceptive. The laws were called the Comstock Law and had been in place until 1965. The Comstock law also prohibited physicians from giving advice or suggesting to their patients the use of such contraceptives. It also had many other clauses that related to moral issues including the use of the national postal service to send erotic materials, sex toys, and any other item that may be immoral. It prevented the use of any drug for purposes of contraception and prohibited the sale of such a drug or item. This law, was never enforced and by the early 1950s, Connecticut and Massachusetts were the only states in the USA that were still having the provisions of this law in their books of law. The Comstock law was to later be challenged by many people and the public outcry was big especially in the beginning of the 20th century. Up until the court repealed the Comstock law, doctors avoided the topic such as the publications of any research in such matters.

Geological Observation of Kabaena Island

Geological Observation of Kabaena Island GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF KABAENA ISLAND, SOUTEAST SULAWESI: AN IMPLICATION OF HYDROCARBON OCCURRENCE IN FRONTIER AREA BASED ON OUTCROP ANALOGUE STUDY Iyan Fadhlurrohman* Aprila Fitriani Parma* Citra Fitriani** Adi Maulana* ABSTRACT Kabaena island, located in the southeast Sulawesi province, has a complex tectonic condition due to its history. Field research on the island indicates that Kabaena Island formed by the rendezvous between microcontinent plates with oceanic plates that made up the complex lane between ophiolite and metamorphic rocks. These rocks were found from the results of field geological mapping. The aim of this paper is to explain the geological condition and potential occurrences of hydrocarbon based on outcrop model and petrographic analysis. The results of petrographic observations indicate ultramafic rocks containing minerals Ca-Rich and Mg-Rich pyroxene and Olivine. While the metamorphic rocks show the occurrences of Chlorite, Amphibolite and sericite minerals. Observation of thin section in limestone lithology shows that these rocks had fracture porosity that might become reservoir rocks. The limestone unit had undergone metamorphism process and mostly changed into marble. The black shale rocks which from limestone units locally occurred on this island, mostly changed into metamorphic rocks and associated with low-level process that characterized several changes into slate. The black shale rocks may contain the organic matters as source rock potential. Tectonic conditions in the study area indicates the occurrence of thrust fault by ultramafic rocks from oceanic into microcontinent plate. The other analysis also indicates another strike slip fault correlating the presence of gas seepage points in limestone unit. Some outcrops found as result of a one week geological mapping on Kabaena island. Several samples were used in petrographic observations. Key Words: Kabaena Island, Reservoir Rock, Source Rock, Hydrocarbon. INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbon exploration research in eastern region of Indonesia was done by few, especially in Kabaena island. This area was formed by the rendezvous between microcontinent plates with oceanic plates that made up the complex lane between ophiolite and metamorphic rocks. Tectonic conditions in the study area indicates the occurrence of thrust fault by ultramafic rocks on the plates microcontinent. Previous research revealed the potential source rock in the form of black shale of Kabaena Island area. Vitrinite reflectance results included in catagenesis phase (oil window) and indicate the mature rock but potentially less of total organic carbon (TOC). These rocks are locally distributed in research area, characterized by poorly lateral continuity of black shale (Ibrahim et al., 2014). Therefore, geological observation is needed to determine the development of the geological conditions of the research area. This is a continuation of previous studies which showed some samples of the oil content has a pyrite content in them (Ibrahim et al., 2014). Although the total organic carbon in the sample is less potential, but it is needed to provide additional data for developing research of hydrocarbon potential in the research area and its implications for petroleum system. METHODS The geological mapping on Kabaena island were conducted to identify the characterization of each formation (Simandjuntak et al, 1993) from outcrop locations. This research conducted from early until late March 2016. A few sample were collected and had been analyzed in the laboratory with petrography methods to determine mineral and rock properties type as characteristics and hydrocarbon potential occurrence. RESULTS Geology of Research Area Geomorphology Geomorphology observation in research area is generally comprised of plains and mountains. The morphological units of research area are divided based on classification of landform (Brahmantyo and Bandono, 2006) using topography analysis, DEM map analysis and field observation. Based on that, the units divided into mountains faults, karst hills, plains of rivers, and coastal plains.   The mountains faults and karst mountains are generally composed by pompangeo complex, ultramafic complex, and formation Matano. Whereas the landscape river plains and coastal plains composed by Langkowala formations and alluvial deposits. Characteristic of river flow system is a sub-dendritic pattern with vertical and lateral erosion. Land use is generally for residential land, plantation and mining areas. Stratigraphy The general lithology that was exposed on the research area comprised of sedimentary rock, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. The Rocks outcrop are commonly in scouring the walls due to roads expansion and bottom of rivers. The research area consists with various Pre-Tertiary rocks, Tertiary, and Quaternary. Pre-Tertiary Cretaceous rocks became the oldest rocks on Kabaena island, composed of ultramafic Complex, Matano Formation, and Pompangeo Complex from Cretaceous period to Paleocene epoch. The tertiary rocks composed of Miocene Formation of Langkowala and then Alluvium complete the formation from quaternary (Simanjuntak, et al., 1993). This research focused on Pre-Tertiary rocks that has implication of hydrocarbon occurrence. Ultramafic rocks in the area observed as shattered zone which influenced by the tectonic structure of thrust fault. The Lithological unit founded as Peridotite, Dunite and locally serpentinite. In the field observation, the peridotite showed grayish black physical characteristics and reddish condition of weathering (Figure 3).   That litholohy has holocrystalline texture, phaneritic granularity, subhedral-euhedral crystal shape, equigranular texture relation, and massive structures. Pompangeo complex are generally composed of low-moderate grade metamorphic rocks. Lithology which composed these metamorphic rocks are phyllite, mica schist, amphibole schist and chlorite schist. The field observation from the metamorphic rocks shown that foliated structure with direction relatively changing. It also showed the structure of the minor folds found in the study area (Figure 3). On Matano formations, limestone is spread on the east to the south of research area. These rocks characterized with carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite as the form of diagenetic process. Limestone lithology unit on the research area mostly changed into meta-limestone and marble which can be seen on petrographic observations in the form of a change of the mineral calcite. The Matano formation also formed a black shale lithological unit that generally changed into slate (Figure 4). Geological Structure The geological structure in research area was formed by thrust fault and strike-slip fault which refers to the geological map sheet of Kolaka, South East Sulawesi (Simandjuntak, et al., 1993). Each fault composed of irregular direction. The major stress direction commonly from Northeast to Southwest and Northwest to Southeast. Strike slip fault might control the deposition of rocks while the thrust fault limiting each lithology. The faults only found in pre-tertiary rocks. Tertiary rocks are not affected by the presence of faults. Petrography Analysis The results of petrography analysis were observed on thin section from rock samples of peridotite, amphibolite schist, slate, limestone, and shale. Peridotite rocks characterized with holocrystalline and phaneritic texture which composed by Ca-Rich Pyroxene, Mg-Rich pyroxene, and olivine Mineral Group (Figure 5). Based on the mineral content (Streckeisen, 1976) peridotite rocks classified as harzburgite, olivine websterite, and wherlite (Figure 6). Petrographic observations for muscovite schist shows foliated structure which composed of muscovite, Actinolite, Hornblende, and quartz (Figure 7). While at slate textures encountered sub-ophitic form with mineral content of clay minerals, quartz and calcite. On Matano formations limestone shows the occurrence of calcite and dolomite minerals which spread on each sample (Figure 8). A few samples encountered showed a type of fracture porosity as part of secondary pores.   Shale rock composed by clay minerals, quartz, and calcite mineral due to dissolution from carbonate rocks. Petroleum Implication The presence of source rock and reservoir rock from Matano formation made the research more focused into this formation based on potential hydrocarbon occurrence. Matano formation in the study area is scattered in the middle to the eastern part of research area. Reservoir rock that could potentially save the hydrocarbon reserves in the form of crystalline limestones, while the host rock in the form of black shale. Source rock is an important element in determining the quality of produced hydrocarbons. Source rocks in the study site were found in Matano formation that had partially transformed into slate rocks due to pressure and temperature. It is associated with the process of low level metamorphism in the study area. Based on the results of geological mapping, the black shale rocks scattered in several locations and has the type of local deployment. It can be seen on the field observation stations map. The results of geochemical analysis show host rock into the category of mature but has unfavorable TOC value (Ibrahim et al. 2014). Potential reservoir rocks in the study area was found in the Matano formations lithology, with its characteristic crystalline limestones. Limestone is spread laterally with layer thickness of 200-500m. Based on field observations gas seepage was found on one of observation station. Petrographic observations on thin section analysis shows rock porosity with 0-5%. P orosity that can be found was the fracture porosity. However, interconnectivity of pores is poor, because of the existence of calcite and dolomite cement and the recrystallization of calcite matrix. It might reduce pores which results in lower porosity and permeability quality. CONCLUSIONS The geological condition on research area comprised of geomorphological analysis which composed of mountains faults, karst hills, plains of rivers, and coastal plains morphological units, stratigraphical analysis which formed by ultramafic complex, matano formation, pompangeo complex, langkowala formation, and alluvium deposit. While the research area characterized by thrust fault, and strike slip fault with major direction stress northeast to southwest and northwest to southeast. Based on the petrographical analysis, the reservoir target which is a limestone of matano formation with limestone lithology characterized with fracture porosity which has poor quality of pores (0%-5%) while source rock target from black shale has bad TOC value. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors want to express their thanks to all the family in geological department University of Hasanuddin which have given attention and support to do geological field mapping. Special thanks to Mr. Kaharuddin MS whom always give moral support to finish the research activity. REFERENCES      Ã‚   Simandjuntak, T.O., Surono, and Sukido, 1993, Geological Map sheet of Kolaka, Sulawesi, 1:250.000, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung. Ibrahim, M. A., Rustandi, U., Suryana, A., 2014, Penyelidikan Bitumen Padat Daerah Pulau Kabaena Kabupaten Bombana, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Proceedings Geological Resource Center. Surono, 1994, Stratigraphy of The Southeast Sulawesi Continental Terrane, Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Geology and Mineral Resources, V. IV, Pp. 4-11, April 1994 Brahmantyo, B., and Bandono, 2006, Classification of Earth Landform for Geomorphological Mapping at Scale 1: 25,000 and Its Application to Spatial Analysis.Geoaplika Journal Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, Hal. 71-78 Figure 1 Geological Map of Kabaena Island (Modified after Simandjuntak, 1993) Figure 2 Stratigraphy of Southeast Sulawesi (Modified after Surono, 1993) Figure 3 Outcrop Location for peridotite and schist lithology. The schist sample location exist on a few station location which spread from North to Northeast from the map whereas peridotite spread on northeast to southwest. Figure 4 An outcrop observation map of limestone and shale lithology. Limestone from ST14 location characterized as crystalline with a massive structure whereas ST23 characterized as limestone interbedded with shale. ST9 and ST15 location characterized as calcareous shale as an occurrence of calcite minerals. Figure 5 Thin section of peridotite showed exist of Ortho-pyroxene mineral interpreted as hypersthene (4F). Some of olivine (6F) and Clino-pyroxene (1I) exist on this sample Figure 6 Mineral plotting for occurrence of major mineral (Opx-Cpx-Ol) from ultramafic igneus rock classification (Streckeisen, 1976) Figure 7 Sample A interpreted as schist muscovite which dominated by muscovite, hornblende, and sericite. Sericite mineral as changing from muscovite mineral (1B). Sample B shown occurrence of clay mineral (5I) and calcite (2H). This sample interpreted as calcareous shale Figure 8 Thin section of limestone sample shown the occurrence of fracture porosity (A. 6A-6F) Sample A and B dominated by dolomite while Sample C and D shown that the calcite minerals had changed as metamorphic process

Nothing of Importance Happened Today Essay -- History Great Britain En

Nothing of Importance Happened Today On July 4, 1776, King George III of Great Britain wrote in his diary: â€Å"Nothing of Importance Happened Today†. Due to the length of time it took for news to reach London from America, King George could not have foreseen how ironic those words would become. The same could be said of those involved in the events surrounding the crash of an airborne object in Roswell, New Mexico on a hot July night in 1947. HOW IT BEGAN: A Crash in Roswell, New Mexico ON-THE-SCENE EYEWITNESSES DESCRIBE CRASH AND UNUSUAL WRECKAGE On the night of July 4, 1947, William Woody, who lived east of Roswell, was outside with his father at their ranch, when they saw a brilliant fiery object plunge to the ground (IUFOMRC). On the morning of July 8th, Roswell Sheriff George Wilcox, who along with W. W. â€Å"Mac† Brazell, found the crashed object on the J. B. Foster sheep ranch near Corona, 85 miles northwest of Roswell. Brazell, who lived on a nearby ranch, had notified the sheriff the day before about the crash (AJ). Wilcox called Major Jesse Marcel, Intelligence Officer at the nearby Roswell Army Air Force Base[1], informing him of his find. Marcel, joined by Sheriff Wilcox and Sheridan Cavitt, Counter-Intelligence Officer from the Roswell base, raced to investigate the crash site (Jaroff). Brazell, waited near the crash site while Wilcox, Marcel, and Cavitt investigated the crash site, and later reported that Wilcox described the crash site to him, including details of wreckage with undecipherable characters and markings on some of the debris, which had been scattered over a large area (IUFOMRC). Glenn Dennis was working as a mortician at Ballard Funeral Home in Roswell. Dennis reported receiving phone ... ...ork. 18 Feb. 1994. Fleck, John. â€Å"Bringing ‘Roswell Incident’ Back to Earth†. Albuquerque Journal. Tuesday, July 31, 2001. Handy, Bruce. â€Å"Roswell or bust: a town discovers manna crashing from heaven and becomes the capital of America's alien nation.† Time, June 23, 1997: p62. IUFOMRC: International UFO Museum and Research Center. â€Å"The Roswell Incident†. Jaroff, Leon. â€Å"Did Aliens Really Land?† Time Magazine, July 23, 1997. Megadeth. Hangar 18. Los Angeles, California: Capitol Records, 1992. Roswell Chamber of Commerce. â€Å"Roswell UFO Festival - 2002 - Calendar of Events† USAF: United States Air Force Web Information Service. â€Å"Roswell Report: Case Closed† June 24, 1997. [1] Prior to 1948, the United States Air Force was a branch of the United States Army, and at the time of the Roswell crash, was still known as the United States Army Air Force. Nothing of Importance Happened Today Essay -- History Great Britain En Nothing of Importance Happened Today On July 4, 1776, King George III of Great Britain wrote in his diary: â€Å"Nothing of Importance Happened Today†. Due to the length of time it took for news to reach London from America, King George could not have foreseen how ironic those words would become. The same could be said of those involved in the events surrounding the crash of an airborne object in Roswell, New Mexico on a hot July night in 1947. HOW IT BEGAN: A Crash in Roswell, New Mexico ON-THE-SCENE EYEWITNESSES DESCRIBE CRASH AND UNUSUAL WRECKAGE On the night of July 4, 1947, William Woody, who lived east of Roswell, was outside with his father at their ranch, when they saw a brilliant fiery object plunge to the ground (IUFOMRC). On the morning of July 8th, Roswell Sheriff George Wilcox, who along with W. W. â€Å"Mac† Brazell, found the crashed object on the J. B. Foster sheep ranch near Corona, 85 miles northwest of Roswell. Brazell, who lived on a nearby ranch, had notified the sheriff the day before about the crash (AJ). Wilcox called Major Jesse Marcel, Intelligence Officer at the nearby Roswell Army Air Force Base[1], informing him of his find. Marcel, joined by Sheriff Wilcox and Sheridan Cavitt, Counter-Intelligence Officer from the Roswell base, raced to investigate the crash site (Jaroff). Brazell, waited near the crash site while Wilcox, Marcel, and Cavitt investigated the crash site, and later reported that Wilcox described the crash site to him, including details of wreckage with undecipherable characters and markings on some of the debris, which had been scattered over a large area (IUFOMRC). Glenn Dennis was working as a mortician at Ballard Funeral Home in Roswell. Dennis reported receiving phone ... ...ork. 18 Feb. 1994. Fleck, John. â€Å"Bringing ‘Roswell Incident’ Back to Earth†. Albuquerque Journal. Tuesday, July 31, 2001. Handy, Bruce. â€Å"Roswell or bust: a town discovers manna crashing from heaven and becomes the capital of America's alien nation.† Time, June 23, 1997: p62. IUFOMRC: International UFO Museum and Research Center. â€Å"The Roswell Incident†. Jaroff, Leon. â€Å"Did Aliens Really Land?† Time Magazine, July 23, 1997. Megadeth. Hangar 18. Los Angeles, California: Capitol Records, 1992. Roswell Chamber of Commerce. â€Å"Roswell UFO Festival - 2002 - Calendar of Events† USAF: United States Air Force Web Information Service. â€Å"Roswell Report: Case Closed† June 24, 1997. [1] Prior to 1948, the United States Air Force was a branch of the United States Army, and at the time of the Roswell crash, was still known as the United States Army Air Force.

Agriculture of Pakistan Essay

Agriculture is a vital sector of Pakistan’s economy and accounted for 25. 9 percent of GDP in 1999-2000, according to government estimates. The sector directly supports three-quarters of the country’s population, employs half the labor force , and contributes a large share of foreign exchange earnings. The main agricultural products are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, in addition to milk, beef, mutton, and eggs. Pakistan depends on one of the world’s largest irrigation systems to support production. There are 2 principal seasons. Cotton, rice, and sugarcane are produced during the kharif season, which lasts from May to November. Wheat is the major rabi crop, which extends from November to April. The key to a much-needed improvement of productivity lies in a more efficient use of resources, principally land and water. However, change is dependent on the large landowners who own 40 percent of the arable land and control most of the irrigation system, which makes widespread reform difficult. Assessments by independent agencies, including the World Bank, show these large landholdings to be very unproductive. Pakistan is a net importer of agricultural commodities. Annual imports total about US$2 billion and include wheat, edible oils, pulses, and consumer foods. Pakistan is one of the world’s largest producers of raw cotton. The size of the annual cotton crop—the bulk of it grown in Punjab province—is a crucial barometer of the health of the overall economy, as it determines the availability and cost of the main raw material for the yarn-spinning industry, much of which is concentrated around the southern port city of Karachi. Official estimates put the 1999-2000 harvest at some 11. 2 million 170-kilogram bales, compared with the 1998-99 outturn of 8. 8 million bales and the record 12. 8 million bales achieved in 1991-92. The government recently actively intervened in the market to boost prices and to encourage production. A major problem is that the cotton crop is highly susceptible to adverse weather and pest damage, which is reflected in crop figures. After peaking at 2. 18 million tons in 1991-92, the lint harvest has since fluctuated considerably, ranging from a low of 1. 37 million tons in 1993-94 to a high of 1. 9 million tons in 1999-2000. The 2000-01 wheat crop was forecast at a record 19. 3 million tons, compared to 17. 8 million tons produced during the previous year. This increase is due largely to favorable weather and a 25-percent increase in the procurement price to about US$135 per ton. About 85 percent of the crop is irrigated. Despite the record production, Pakistan will continue to be a major wheat importer. The government has imported an average of US$2. 4 million annually over the past 5 years. The United States and Australia are the major suppliers. Demand for wheat is increasing from Pakistan’s rapidly growing population as well as from cross-border trade with Afghanistan. Pakistan is a major rice exporter and annually exports about 2 million tons, or about 10 percent of world trade. About 25 percent of exports is Pakistan’s famous fragrant Basmati rice. Rice is Pakistan’s second leading source of export earnings. Private traders handle all exports. Pakistan’s main competitors in rice trade are Thailand, Vietnam, and India. Tobacco is grown mainly in the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab and is an important cash crop . Yields in Pakistan are about twice those for neighboring countries largely due to the extension services provided by the industry. Quality, however, is improving only slowly due to problems related to climate and soil. Farmers have started inter-cropping tobacco with vegetables and sugarcane to increase returns. About half of the total production is used for cigarette manufacturing and the remainder used in traditional ways of smoking (in hand-rolled cigarettes called birris, in water pipes, and as snuff). The share of imported tobacco is increasing gradually in response to an increased demand for high-quality cigarettes. Minor crops account for only 5 percent of total cultivated area; these include oilseeds (sunflower, soybean), chilies, potatoes, and onions. Domestic oilseed production accounts only for about 25 percent of Pakistan total edible oil needs. As a result, Pakistan spends more than US$1 billion annually in scarce foreign exchange to import edible oils, while its oilseed processing industry operates at less than 25 percent of capacity due to an inadequate supply of oilseeds. For 2000-01 total oilseed production was forecast to decrease 10 percent to 3. 6 million tons. The government has highlighted development of the oilseed sector as a priority. Pakistan’s fishing industry is relatively modest, but has shown strong growth in recent years. The domestic market is quite small, with per capita annual consumption of approximately 2 kilograms. About 80 percent of production comes from marine fisheries from 2 main areas, the Sindh coast east from Karachi to the Indian border, and the Makran coast of Baluchistan. Ninety percent of the total marine catch is fish; the shrimp which constitute the remainder are prized because of their greater relative value and demand in foreign markets. During 1999-00, total fish production was 620,000 tons, of which 440,000 tons consisted of sea fish and the remainder were fresh-water species. About one-third of the catch is consumed fresh, 9 percent is frozen, 8 percent canned, and about 43 percent used as fish meal for animal food. Livestock accounts for 40 percent of the agricultural sector and 9 percent of the total GDP. Principal products are milk, beef, mutton, poultry, and wool. During 1999, the livestock population increased to 120 million head. That same year Pakistan generated 970,000 tons of beef, 640,000 tons of mutton, and 190,000 tons of poultry. In an effort to enhance milk and meat production, the government recently launched a comprehensive livestock development project with Asian Development Bank assistance. Poultry production provides an increasingly popular low-cost source of protein. Modern poultry production is constrained by high mortality, high incidence of disease, poor quality chicks, and poor quality feed, combined with an inadequate marketing system. Frozen poultry have only recently been introduced. Forests cover an area of 4. 2 million hectares or about 5 percent of the total area of Pakistan. The principal forest products are timber, principally for house construction, furniture, and firewood. Many of the country’s wooded areas are severely depleted as a result of over-exploitation. The government has restricted cutting to protect remaining resources—though corruption often jeopardizes environmental efforts—and has lowered duties to encourage imports. Forestry production has since declined from 1. 07 million cubic meters in 1990-91 to 475,000 cubic meters in 1998-99. Pakistan imports an estimated US$150 million of wood products annually to meet the requirements of a growing population and rising demand by a wealthy elite.

5 Strategies for Private School Admissions Test Prep

Most private schools require applicants to take a standardized test as part of the admission process. Essentially what the schools are trying to determine is how prepared you are for the academic work that they want you to be able to do. The most commonly used tests in independent schools are the SSAT and the ISEE, but ther are others that you may encounter. For example, Catholic schools use HSPTs and COOPs which are similar in content and purpose. If you think of the SSAT and ISEE like the college level SAT or its preparatory test, the PSAT, then you get the idea. The tests are organized in several sections, each designed to assess a specific skill set and knowledge level. Here are several tips to help you best prepare for this important exam. 1. Start Test Prep Early Begin final preparation for your admissions test in the spring for testing in the following fall. While these standardized tests measure what you have learned over the course of many years, you should begin working some practice tests in the spring and summer before you actually take the real thing in the late fall. There are several test prep books that you can consult.  Want some study tips? Check out this blog for some SSAT test prep strategies. 2. Dont Cram Last minute cramming is not going to be very productive when it comes to learning material you should have been learning over several years. The SSAT is designed to test what you have learned over time at school. Its not designed so that you have to learn new material, just master the material you have been learning in school. Instead of cramming, you might consider working hard in school and then during the last few weeks before the test, concentrate on three areas: know what is expectedtake practice testsreview subject material 3. Know the Test Format Knowing what is expected when you step through the door to the testing room is just as important as taking practice tests. Memorize the format of the test. Know what material will be covered. Learn all the variations in the way a question can be presented or worded. Think like the examiner. Paying attention to details like how youll take the exam and how it is scored can help you excel overall. Want more test prep strategies? Check out this blog on how to prepare for the SSAT and ISEE. 4. Practice Taking practice tests is critical to your success in these standardized tests. You have a certain number of questions which must be answered within a fixed time. So you must work to beat the clock. The best way to perfect your skills is to actually try to duplicate the test environment. Try to match the test conditions as closely as possible. Set aside a Saturday morning to work a practice test to the clock. Make sure that you do the practice test in a quiet room and have a parent present you the exam, just as if you were in the actual testing room. Imagine yourself in the room with dozens of your classmates taking the same test. No cell phone, snacks, iPod or TV. If you are really serious about honing your timing skills, you should repeat this exercise at least twice. 5. Review Reviewing subject material means exactly that. If you have pursued your studies in an organized manner, that  means pulling out those notes from a year ago and going over them carefully. Note what you didnt understand. Practice what you werent sure of by writing it out. Thats a common test prep strategy, writing things out, because for many people, this strategy will help them remember things better. As you practice and review, make a note of where you excel and where you need assistance, and then get help in the areas where you have deficiencies. If you plan to take the tests next year, understand the material now so that you can nail them. Dont put off thorough test preparation. Remember: you cannot cram for these tests. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski